The dates

Sentences without a label are documented facts; the others are marked "probable" or "uncertain".

The essential dates of the portal, from the return of the inhabitants around 1000 BC to the birth of the march of Ivrea in 891. Each line has its source, with the page. A date is what the source maintains: often it is a century, not a year. Dates on which the sources conflict are gathered at the end, among the debated dates.

From the Iron Age to the Roman conquest

When	What	Source
second half of the 11th century BC	The area of the outflow of Lake Viverone is frequented again, with pottery of transalpine type	Rubat Borel 2014, p. 37
10th century BC	Settlements increase and occupy the hilltops, from the Truch di Lessolo to Mongrando and Pavone Canavese	Rubat Borel 2014, p. 38
9th century BC	The number of settlements seems to fall, perhaps because of a colder climate probable	Rubat Borel 2014, p. 38
between the 8th and 4th centuries BC	Most likely date of the Mazzè stele according to Gambari probable	Gallo 2015, p. 4
end of the 5th century BC	According to Rubat Borel the Ivrea area is reached by the Celts who came down over the Great St Bernard, in particular the Boii and the Lingones probable	Rubat Borel 2014, p. 41
around 400 BC	The hilltop settlements of Belmonte and Paraj Àuta are abandoned	Rubat Borel 2014, p. 41
mid-2nd century BC	Cato, in the Origines, is the first to name the Salassi	Rubat Borel 2019, p. 84
2nd century BC	Brief return of the inhabitants to Paraj Àuta, with a Roman coin of a magistrate of 147 BC	Rubat Borel 2014, p. 42
143 BC	The consul Appius Claudius Pulcher attacks the Salassi	Rubat Borel 2019, p. 83
140 BC	The Oxyrhynchus epitome dates Appius Claudius's victory to this year probable	Rubat Borel 2019, p. 83
end of the 2nd – first half of the 1st century BC	The objects of the gold seekers date the Roman working of the Bessa	Rubat Borel 2019, p. 84
end of the 2nd century BC or around 70 BC	Censorial law on the gold mines of Victimulae: end of the 2nd century for Balbo, around 70 for Domergue	Balbo 2018, p. 58
100 BC	Founding of the colony of Eporedia, in the consulship of Marius (his sixth) and Valerius Flaccus	Velleius Paterculus I, 15, 5
early 1st century BC	The five funerary inscriptions of Cerrione, in the language of the Salassi	Rubat Borel 2014, p. 42
around 50 BC	The first stone buildings in the area of the public gardens of Ivrea	Brecciaroli Taborelli 2007, pp. 133-136
25 BC	Terentius Varro defeats the Salassi; the prisoners are sold at auction and taken to Eporedia	Rubat Borel 2019, p. 88
25 BC	On the site of Varro's camp Augusta Praetoria, today Aosta, is founded with 3,000 Romans	Rubat Borel 2019, p. 88

Eporedia in the Empire

When	What	Source
25 BC – AD 15	The main bridge over the Dora and the quay on the left bank	Brecciaroli Taborelli 2007, p. 139
beginning of the 1st century AD	The Bessa mine is already abandoned probable	Sánchez-Palencia, Vaudagna 2008, p. 4
first half of the 1st century AD	Building of the theatre probable	Brecciaroli Taborelli 2007, p. 130
1st century AD	Tacitus mentions Eporedia among the most steadfast municipia of Transpadana	Sacchi 2014, p. 47
last decades of the 1st century AD	Building of the amphitheatre on top of a suburban villa	Legrottaglie 2014, p. 89
AD 149	Bronze medallion of Antoninus Pius, found in the old parade ground	Barello 2014, pp. 127-129
first half of the 2nd century AD – Severan period	A fine building, perhaps a temple, is built and later restored: after that there are no more public building works	Sacchi 2014, pp. 62-63
between the 4th and 5th centuries AD	The quarter of the public gardens is abandoned	Brecciaroli Taborelli 2007, p. 136

From the first Christians to 891

When	What	Source
second half of the 4th century	The Christian faith takes hold in Eporedia probable	Mennella 2014, p. 177
4th-5th century	Oldest core of the Early Christian basilica of San Secondo di Salussola	Pipino 2014, p. 9
451	Eulogio, the first known bishop of Ivrea, has himself represented at the synod of Milan probable	Mennella 2014, p. 177
7 October 461	Death of Formicula, recorded by her gravestone	Mennella 2014, p. 178
19 April 464	Death of Marcello, aged twenty	Mennella 2014, p. 178
29 March 486	Death of Bishop Innocenzo, aged about 72	Mennella 2014, p. 179
22 April 510	Death of Marta, religiosa femina	Mennella 2014, pp. 179-180
545	Droctario's inscription is dated by the indiction and by the years since the consulship of Paulinus, the last consul of the West	Mennella 2014, p. 180
568-774	Ivrea is the seat of a duchy of the Lombard kingdom	Giostra 2014, p. 155
570	According to some historians the Lombards occupy Ivrea probable	Giostra 2014, p. 155
end of the 6th – end of the 7th century	Burials in the Borgomasino necropolis, abandoned towards the end of the 8th probable	Giostra 2014, pp. 160, 173
7th century	The Cosmography of the Anonymous of Ravenna names the town of Victimula	Pipino 2014, p. 14
680	Bishop Desiderio of Ivrea is at the synod of Rome	Giostra 2014, p. 155
772	King Desiderius entrusts Tunnone, duke of Ivrea, with missions to Pope Adrian	Giostra 2014, p. 155
774	An army of Charlemagne comes down from the Aosta Valley; Ivrea is among the first towns to fall probable	Giostra 2014, p. 155
June 801	Charlemagne and his court celebrate the feast of St John in Ivrea	Tosco 1996, p. 4
11 July 826	A charter grants Count Bosone property in the "pago victimolese"	Pipino 2014, p. 14
21 February 891	In Rome Anscario already appears as marchio in two charters of the emperor Guido	Bertolini 1961, entry Anscario
891	Guido creates the march of Ivrea and entrusts it to Anscario probable	Bertolini 1961, entry Anscario

Debated dates

Some dates are still debated. The war of Appius Claudius begins in 143 BC, but the Oxyrhynchus epitome places the victory in 140. probable The Mazzè stele is dated by Gambari between the 8th and 4th centuries BC. probable For Gallo, on the other hand, the way it was worked does not allow a secure date. uncertain The date of the censorial law on Victimulae varies between the end of the 2nd century BC and about 70 BC.

For the end of the Bessa mine the CSIC and Gianotti indicate the beginning of the 1st century AD. probable According to Pipino it closed as early as the middle of the 1st century BC. uncertain For Balbo the date when the publicani gave up the contract cannot be fixed. uncertain According to Aime the Salassi had already been attacked in 35-34 BC; Rubat Borel holds instead that the Salassi defeated at that time were a different people with the same name. uncertain The date when the theatre of Ivrea was built is not known for certain. Eulogio's presence at the synod of 451 is attested with some uncertainty. probable

Sources: Rubat Borel 2019, pp. 83, 87; Gallo 2015, pp. 3-4, 8; Balbo 2018, pp. 58, 64; Sánchez-Palencia, Vaudagna 2008, p. 4; Gianotti 2011, p. 183; Pipino 2021b, pp. 7, 41; Aime, pp. 5, 23; Brecciaroli Taborelli 2007, p. 130; Mennella 2014, pp. 177, 179

Sources for this page

F. Rubat Borel, Ivrea e il Canavese nella preistoria e protostoria, in A. Gabucci, L. Pejrani Baricco, S. Ratto (eds.), Per il Museo di Ivrea. La sezione archeologica del Museo civico P.A. Garda (ArcheologiaPiemonte, 3), Firenze, All'Insegna del Giglio, 2014, pp. 23-45.
F. Rubat Borel, Incolae iugi. I popoli delle Alpi occidentali in storici e geografi dell'età di Livio, in «Preistoria Alpina», 49bis, 2019, pp. 81-91.
E. Gallo, Menhirs o stele megalitiche? Le tracce sopravissute del megalitismo in Canavese, in «I quaderni di Terra Mia», 13, Castellamonte, Associazione Terra Mia, 2015, pp. (to be completed) (pp. 1-9 in the file). (popular work)
M. Balbo, Lo sfruttamento delle risorse minerarie in area prealpina: il caso di Victimulae, in «Geographia Antiqua», XXVII, 2018 (Le Alpi degli antichi: rappresentazioni, itinerari, risorse), pp. 57-65.
F.-J. Sánchez-Palencia, A. Vaudagna (dir.), J.L. Pecharromán, A. Beltrán, B. Currás, F. Alonso, M. Ruiz del Árbol, La minería romana de oro en Italia: la Bessa (Biella) como precedente republicano de la minería aurífera en Hispania. Actuaciones arqueológicas en el 2008, Proyecto Bessa – Memoria 2008, EST-AP, CCHS, CSIC – DocBi/Centro di Studi Biellesi, year of writing (to be completed), pp. 1-32.
F. Gianotti, Geological setting of the Pleistocene placers and Roman gold mines of the Ivrea Morainic Amphitheatre (Piedmont, NW Italy), in «Il Quaternario. Italian Journal of Quaternary Sciences», 24 (AIQUA abstracts, Rome, February 2011), 2011, pp. 183-185.
G. Pipino, Victimula-San Secondo e l'invenzione degli Ictimuli (o Vittimuli), in «Rivista di archeologia on-line» (Archeomedia), IX, no. 14, 16 July 2014, unnumbered pages (30 pp.). (often against the mainstream)
G. Pipino, Miniere d'oro dei Salassi e romanizzazione del Vercellese occidentale e dell'Eporediese: una storia da riscrivere, Ovada, Museo Storico dell'Oro Italiano, 2021, pp. 1-100. (often against the mainstream)
G. Aime, La conquista delle Alpi Occidentali. Augusta Praetoria e Augusta Taurinorum, Terra Taurina, year (to be completed), pp. 1-44 (popular work).
L. Brecciaroli Taborelli, Eporedia tra tarda repubblica e primo impero: un aggiornamento, in L. Brecciaroli Taborelli (ed.), Forme e tempi dell'urbanizzazione nella Cisalpina (II secolo a.C.-I secolo d.C.). Atti delle Giornate di studio (Turin, 4-6 May 2006), Firenze, All'Insegna del Giglio, 2007, pp. 127-140.
F. Sacchi, Splendida marmora. La decorazione architettonica romana, in A. Gabucci, L. Pejrani Baricco, S. Ratto (eds.), Per il Museo di Ivrea. La sezione archeologica del Museo civico P.A. Garda (ArcheologiaPiemonte, 3), Firenze, All'Insegna del Giglio, 2014, pp. 47-67.
G. Legrottaglie, Elementi di rivestimento in bronzo dall'anfiteatro, in A. Gabucci, L. Pejrani Baricco, S. Ratto (eds.), Per il Museo di Ivrea. La sezione archeologica del Museo civico P.A. Garda (ArcheologiaPiemonte, 3), Firenze, All'Insegna del Giglio, 2014, pp. 85-93.
F. Barello, La munificenza di Antonino Pio: un medaglione a Ivrea, in A. Gabucci, L. Pejrani Baricco, S. Ratto (eds.), Per il Museo di Ivrea. La sezione archeologica del Museo civico P.A. Garda (ArcheologiaPiemonte, 3), Firenze, All'Insegna del Giglio, 2014, pp. 125-131.
G. Mennella, Marcellus e Formicula, cristiani eporediesi, in A. Gabucci, L. Pejrani Baricco, S. Ratto (eds.), Per il Museo di Ivrea. La sezione archeologica del Museo civico P.A. Garda (ArcheologiaPiemonte, 3), Firenze, All'Insegna del Giglio, 2014, pp. 177-183.
C. Giostra, Il ducato longobardo di Ivrea: la grande necropoli di Borgomasino, in A. Gabucci, L. Pejrani Baricco, S. Ratto (eds.), Per il Museo di Ivrea. La sezione archeologica del Museo civico P.A. Garda (ArcheologiaPiemonte, 3), Firenze, All'Insegna del Giglio, 2014, pp. 155-175.
C. Tosco, Ricerche di storia dell'urbanistica in Piemonte: la città d'Ivrea dal X al XIV secolo, in «Bollettino storico-bibliografico subalpino», XCIV, 1996, pp. 466-500 (page numbers cited from the digital version on Reti Medievali, pp. 1-19).
M.G. Bertolini, entry Anscario, in Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani, 3, Roma, Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana, 1961 (consulted online: https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/anscario_(Dizionario-Biografico)/).
Velleius Paterculus, Historiae Romanae.